In this paper a simple METHOD for synthesis of sulfo benzyl silica is presented. At the first statge of the applied METHOD, silicagel is dehydrated at 400oC, then the dehydrated silicagel is treated with benzyl magnesium chloride to produce benzyl silica. Finally, benzyl silica is treated with chloro sulfonic acid to produce sulfo benzyl silica. The application of the prepared sulfo benzyl silica as a heterogeneous ACIDIC catalyst in the synthesis and hydrolyis of ethyl acetate has been investigated.

The preparation of nano-sized TiO2 by titanium tetraisopropoxide (Ti (OiPr)4) via sol-gel METHOD using acid as a catalyst is investigated and the optimized conditions concerning the proportional amount of acid, water, alcohol is established by XRD and SEM. The effect of calcination temperature on phase transformation of TiO2 (rutile, anatase and brookite) was determined by XRD. The smallest grain size of TiO2 powder we have obtained is 25 nm for anatase at 400oC by controlling the acidity and the mole ratio of starting materials.

This research was carried out to determine the optimum conditions for ACIDIC extraction of gelatine from cattle bones. The effects of different treatments such as pH (1.8 to 2.6), temperature (60 to 80oC) and time (40 to 120minutes) on yield of extraction, gel strength, viscosity and absorption (420 nm) were measured. Coefficients of central composite rotatable design (CCRD) and regression surface response.... (RSREG) were used. The coefficients for yield, gel strength, viscosity and absorption were 0.990, 0.991, 0.998, 0.928, respectively. According to variance analysis of the data, there were significant differences between the effects of three variables (pH, temperature and time) on yield of extraction and viscosity, but no significant difference was observed between the effects of temperature and pH on gel strength and absorption, respectively. Comparisons of the averages of functional characteristics of ACIDIC and commercial gelatin showed that viscosity and strength of ACIDIC gelatin were higher than those of commercial one. The optimum conditions were found to be: pH=1.88, temp. 80oC and 118 min., to reach the highest yield and pH=1.88, temp. 60oC and 48 min. to get maximum strength, and pH=2.56, temp. 69oC and 118 min. to obtain the maximum viscosity and finally, pH=2.6, temp. 62oC and 48 min. for minimum absorption. Also, the results revealed that there were significant differences between trace elements content (Fe, Ca and Pb) of commercial and ACIDIC gelatins. Although, ACIDIC gelatin contained higher amount of the elements, but these amounts were still less than maximum values which are allowed to exist in gelatin. Amino acid compositions of both gelatins were almost identical.

Aims: The functional properties of proteins extracted by Isoelectric Solubilization/Precipitation (ISP) METHOD are influenced by various factors such as the use of acid or base while protein extraction. The aim of this study was to investigate the functional properties of protein extracted from Crucian carp (Carassius carassius), using ACIDIC and basic ISP METHOD.Materials & METHODs: This experimental study was carried out on 56 Crucian carps in Bandar Torkaman City, Iran. The minced meat of fish was randomly divided to 2 homogeneous groups for implementing ACIDIC and basic ISP METHOD. The protein was isolated from meat and its functional properties were evaluated. The data were analyzed by SPSS 21 software, using twosample t-test.Findings The protein extracted from Crucian carp meat had a significant difference in ACIDIC and basic treatments (p<0.05). There was no difference in water holding between two treatments (p>0.05). The emulsion capacity of the extracted protein was significantly higher in basic treatment than the ACIDIC treatment (p<0.05). The emulsion stability index was also significantly higher in basic treatment than ACIDIC treatment. All samples had a flow behavior index (n) less than 1, indicating that these samples had a pseudoplastic behavior. Conclusion: The protein extracted from Crucian carp meat is higher in the ACIDIC treatment, but the basic treatment has better functional properties. The basic treatment has a higher emulsion capacity than the ACIDIC treatment, and the stability index is high in the basic treatment. Protein solutions as well as ACIDIC and basic emulsions have a pseudoplastic property. The amount of food viscosity is higher in ACIDIC treatments compared to the basic treatment.

Quantitative determination of Bronsted acid sites in ACIDIC mordenite samples with varying proton concentrations has been studied using aqueous conductometric titration METHOD. Conductometric titration of the ammonium form of mordenite with sodium hydroxide is feasible and the results indicate potential number of Bronsted acid sites. However, Bronsted acid sites concentration in ACIDIC mordenites, measured by this METHOD, is less than that evaluated by ammonium-mordenite titration. Calcination procedure, to produce ACIDIC mordenites from its ammonium form, reduces Bronsted acid sites by dealumination and dehydroxylation processes. In conductometric titration, only accessible Bronsted acid sites are titrated and extra-framework aluminum species, which are generated during calcination and reside in the structure, are not titrated. This finding is supported by observing more reduction in the Bronsted acidity when higher temperatures of calcination are employed. Also, comparing diffuse reflectance spectra of the ACIDIC mordenite before and after titration does not show extra-framework aluminum species reacting with added base. A negative linear correlation was observed between concentration of Bronsted acid sites measured by conductometric titration and the temperature of calcination within 450-750°C.

In this study, to remove the ACIDIC blue 92 during the heterogeneous electro-fenton process, the electrospinning METHOD produced a nanofiber layer and used it as the cathode. Polyaniline/nylon66 nanofiber (PANI/PA66) was produced by the electrospinning METHOD to produce such a nanofibrous electrode. Reduced graphene oxide nanoparticles were added to the polymeric solution to improve the conductivity of the nanofibrous electrode and the dye removal percentage. Magnetic iron nanoparticles were also used as fenton catalysts (PANI/PA66/rGO/Fe3O4). The optimal electrospinning conditions were determined by response surface METHODology. Electro fenton process for dye removal was carried out in a two-electrode system using PANI/PA 66 / rGO 6 % / Fe3O4 as a cathode in 120 minutes, and the highest dye removal percentage achieved was 91.78 %. Also, the effect of selecting essential parameters on the dye removal efficiency, such as pH, initial dye concentration, and Fe3O4 dosage, was investigated.

A stability indicating High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) METHOD was validated and used to study the degradation of cetirizine dihydrochloride in ACIDIC and oxidative conditions. The separation was carried out on a Symmetry C18 column and a mixture of 50 mM KH2PO4 and acetonitrile (60:40 v/v, pH=3.5) was used as the mobile phase. The METHOD was linear over the range of 1-20 mg/mL of cetirizine dihydrochloride (r2>0.999) and the within-day and between-day precision values were less than 1.5%. The results showed that cetirizine dihydrochloride was unstable in 2 M HCl and 0.5% H2O2. The kinetics of the ACIDIC degradation showed a pseudo-first-order reaction in the temperature range of 70-900C. In addition, the kinetics of hydrogen peroxide mediated degradation was pseudo-first-order in the temperature range of 50-800C.